Biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Science - Essay Example (Johansen CA and Mayer D.F, 1990) The significance of pollinators like honey bees is with the end goal that in a broad report arranged by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the UN it has been discovered that 90% of the food supplies that are utilized for taking care of 146 nations, over 71% of the harvests were cross pollinated by honey bees. Different creepy crawlies included wasps, scarabs and wasps. These bugs can along these lines be considered as basic operators in the natural pecking order as it is liable for the propagation of blossoms and food bearing harvests. (Free J.B, 1993) Food creation to a huge degree will be undermined in case of these regular pollinators blurring ceaselessly. An ongoing report from North America expresses that an ailment called ‘Israeli intense paralysis’ infections was liable for the vanishing of a huge level of bumble bees in what was called ‘ Colony Collapse Disorder’ (CCD). The reasons were for the most part ascribed to the way that the beginnings of the infection were added to by people. (Kluser Stephane and Peduzzi Pascal, 2007) Decline of Pollinators Recent examinations led in the UK and Netherlands as late as in 2006 proposes that there has been near 70% decrease of creepy crawly fertilization for a specific classification of wild blossoms. (Biesmeijer Jc et al, 2006) Part of the explanation is that near 3.4% of butterflies causing this fertilization has gotten terminated with an equivalent abatement of 71% of butterfly species. (Warren M.S et al, 2001) Source: Free J.B, 1993, Effect of honey bees on food yield. The other recorded huge occasion was that of the Colony Collapse Disorder in North America. In 2007 there was significant decrease of 33% of the bumble bee populace which had a domino impact on the yield creation. This is on the grounds that a significant part of the food crops developed by ranchers in North America depended on the fertilization of honey bees, butterflies an d flies. Around 95 unique kinds of food crops are being cross pollinated by these creepy crawlies. (Morse R.A and Calderone N.W, 2000) Some of the components that were ascribed to this decrease in North American honey bees included assault by parasites known as Varroa Destructor. Imports of African honey bees likewise lead to contrariness issues. The intemperate employments of pesticides in crops likewise lead to the demise of these honey bees. (I) Symptom of CCD-Absence of grown-up honey bees in the hives was the essential side effect. The nearness of a great deal of youthful honey bees alongside plenitude of food as nectar was likewise a pointer. The honey bee provinces began falling and sugar syrup that is taken care of as food was not being devoured. Further the team was being constrained to just youthful honey bees. (Kluser Stephane and Peduzzi Pascal, 2007) (ii) Causes of CCD (a) To conquer the assault from bugs these colonies were being exposed to expanded measurement of synt hetic substances bringing about irreversible harm. (b) Pathogens like Paenibacillus Larvae and parasites had discovered their way into the honey bee biological system. (Kluser Stephane and Peduzzi Pascal, 2007) (c) The wellness levels of honey bees experienced significant decay as was found by the arrival of stress proteins. (d) Use of Insecticides. (e) Theories have additionally proposed the radiations that were produced by the towers occupied with portable correspondence influence the honey bees in an unfriendly way in spite of the fact that this has not been validated

Complaint letter

Ease she educated me that Ms. Portfolio shouldn't have left any longer have a decided to take the test at an other time, at that point returned to class take the MOA test 2. After I left the room from completing what I could do on the test understudies that were finished with their test had educated me that she had made an approach her wireless to Ms. Alleviate concerning me and permitting to talk unreservedly among the other understudy calling me â€Å"malaria and grosser† and different offensive words towards me, which I thought was amateurish of her to do. Likewise, she was discourteous to talk about me in that manner.I was stunned by how inconsiderate Ms. Portfolio conduct was today. After I was educated about the occurrence that had quite recently happened I went down to her office to stand up to her about it. She was talking with Ms Allay about me, I didn't hear precisely what was being said however observed a look of alleviation all over that I was there, possibly she h ad figured we could talk things over. I told Ms. Portfolio that didn't acknowledge how she talked about me so inconsiderately before the class and that I trust next time in the event that she had a remark about an understudy it would be in private.She then got steamed and told Ms. Ease to suspend me, I at that point got irritated too and talked a little unequivocally to her platitude â€Å"On what ground would you be able to suspend me for in the event that I have done anything incorrectly other than revealing to you that your activities were amateurish, I have never disregarded you in any capacity, have not obnoxiously or genuinely manhandled you† She at that point hollered out † If she despite everything remains her I can never again be here†. This fight has vexed me and humiliated me, caused me to feel disheartened to proceed with my stay at your program. Ms. Portfolio causes me to feel undesirable in the facility.Ultimately I am composing this letter with the expectation that my objection about Ms. Portfolio will be settled. I value the time you have taken to peruse this letter and consider the complaint that I have reached you about. In the event that you have any extra inquiries or might want to converse with me about goals alternatives. Can be reached at my email address Eva. Jove. [emailâ protected] Com or my phone (415)635-9936. Might want to get this settled as fast as could be expected under the circumstances with the goal that I can better completely concentrate on my investigations and finishing the remainder of my multi month course here at MILS in solid condition.

Common App Essay Prompts - Common App Essay Prompt 4

Common App Essay Prompts - Common App Essay Prompt 4Common App essay prompt 4 samples is simple. In each of the samples, there are three paragraphs that require three main ideas. These three main ideas are grouped together as a thesis statement. Theses can be any type of thoughts, thoughts about school, thoughts about relationships, thoughts about religion, etc.Themes of the samples vary as well. The first sample is for an English major. The sample explains how the student is acting out the requirements of the college. The second sample is for a teacher and a student. The student makes a diary entry about things in school everyday.In the third sample, the student is supposed to write an essay based on the previous paragraphs. The last paragraph is all about the college. The bottom paragraph is for the general readership.I recommend this sample for almost every college. It really can be used in nearly every college in the country. When a person has a short time to prepare for college, this will help them. Since the first paragraph of the essay is so simple, they can begin with it right away. Then they can move to the next paragraph and then the next paragraph and so on.Of course, there are some common App essay prompt samples that are only meant for a specific type of college. They are called rare samples because they are written just for that college. You need to know this and look for them. I am not sure why people who have never written an App essay prompt think it will be easy.For example, the next sample is for a Jewish professor. She has the students sit down and talk about what is their religious background. Afterwards, they will go through a second part of the paragraph to talk about their childhood experiences. Then they will talk about their family and what they do to maintain their sense of community.The sample then says the students should choose two paragraphs and read them over again to see what the professor did to influence their lives and belief s. The following paragraph talks about that second experience. This seems to me to be a sample that was written for a Jewish college. This is a very old sample and I assume the same goes for all other colleges.That concludes my discussion of common App essay prompt samples. I hope you have learned something from this article. The idea of writing for a college is the same as writing for any college. It all starts with the main idea of the essay.

Best Places to Write Research Papers

Maybe you’re a college student, who needs complete silence and distraction-free place to have an opportunity to 100% activate the writing skills and creativity to write research papers. Others require chaotic buss of a local cafà © and favourite cappuccino within fingers reach to write another page. So, what are the best places to work on the research paper at? The Beach Kind of a clichà ©, but who hasn’t dreamt about writing the college paper while resting on a beach with a favourite cocktail? Make sure to dive into the writing trance enjoying the crystal clean ocean water! The Library Who doesn’t love this place? OK, wrong question. What other place can be that suitable for the research paper writing? Libraries are a perfect repository of a great assortment of books and other materials. Besides, it’s quiet. Moreover, you can easily tell the person next to you to shut up and that’s right! And finally, libraries are absolutely free. You don’t have to buy anything and there’s always your favourite coffee on hand. Coffee Shop This is a perfect option for the ones who do not care about loud voices and music. They say that well-known J. K. Rowling have produced her first novel of Harry Potter’s story in one of the local cafà ©s, which makes writing in public places possible. This is a good alternative for the students, who work all alone in the silence too much. The Roof Great opportunity to concentrate on a research paper (of course, if you have an easy and safe access to the place!). Make sure to climb up to have a mile-high panorama. For example, a huge building that overlooks your city or the roof of your house is a really cool place to get your ideas together and put the words on to the Word document. The Art Gallery Enjoy marvelous paintings from the baroque to modern epoch or anything else you like in between, and let your thoughts flow in this kingdom of art! Pick the say when there are not many visitors in order to make the process of writing easier and more comfortable. The Park Today a lot of students try to work in the parks. And it’s pretty understandable. The view is nice, wireless internet, the air is fresh†¦Got to the park and work on your assignment! When picking the right place to work on your research paper, remember that coffee shops and the other public places may be full of distractions. Make sure that the surroundings your finally choose meet your requirements and serve as a 100% guarantee that the work will be done on time!

History and Geography of Puerto Rico

Puerto Rico is the easternmost island of the Greater Antilles in the Caribbean Sea, approximately a thousand miles southeast of Florida and just east of the Dominican Republic and west of the U.S. Virgin Islands. The island is approximately 90 miles wide in an east-west direction and 30 miles wide between the north and south coasts. Larger Than Delaware and Rhode Island Puerto Rico is a territory of the United States but if it became a state, Puerto Ricos land area of 3,435 square miles (8,897 km2) would make it the 49th largest state (larger than Delaware and Rhode Island). The coasts of tropical Puerto Rico are flat but most of the interior is mountainous. The tallest mountain is in the center of the island, Cerro de Punta, which is 4,389 feet high (1338 meters). About eight percent of the land is arable for agriculture. Droughts and hurricanes are the major natural hazards. Four Million Puerto Ricans There are almost four million Puerto Ricans, which would make the island the 23rd most populous state (between Alabama and Kentucky). San Juan, Puerto Ricos capital, is located on the north side of the island. The islands population is quite dense, with about 1100 people per square mile (427 people per square kilometer). The Primary Language Is Spanish Spanish is the primary language on the island and for a short time earlier this decade, it was the commonwealths official language. While most Puerto Ricans speak some English, only about a quarter of the population is fully bilingual. The population is a mixture of Spanish, African, and indigenous heritage. About seven-eighths of Puerto Ricans are Roman Catholic and literacy is about 90%. The Arawakan people settled the island around the ninth century CE. In 1493, Christopher Columbus discovered the island and claimed it for Spain. Puerto Rico, which means rich port in Spanish, wasnt settled until 1508 when Ponce de Leon founded a town near present-day San Juan. Puerto Rico remained a Spanish colony for more than four centuries until the United States defeated Spain in the Spanish-American war in 1898 and occupied the island. The Economy Until the middle of the twentieth century, the island was one of the poorest in the Caribbean. In 1948 the U.S. government began Operation Bootstrap which infused millions of dollars into the Puerto Rican economy and made it one of the wealthiest. United States firms that are located in Puerto Rico receive tax incentives to encourage investments. Major exports include pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, sugarcane, and coffee. The U.S. is the major trading partner, 86% of exports are sent to the U.S. and 69% of imports come from the fifty states. United States Citizens Since 1917 Puerto Ricans have been citizens of the United States since a law was passed in 1917. Even though they are citizens, Puerto Ricans pay no federal income tax and they can not vote for president. Unrestricted U.S. migration of Puerto Ricans has made New York City the one place with the most Puerto Ricans anywhere in the world (over one million). Pursuing Statehood Through the U.S. Congress In 1967, 1993, and 1998 the citizens of the island voted to maintain the status quo. In November 2012, Puerto Ricans voted not to maintain the status quo and to pursue statehood through the U.S. Congress. 10-Year Transitional Process If Puerto Rico were to become the fifty-first state, the U.S. federal government and the state-to-be will establish a ten-year transitional process towards statehood. The federal government is expected to spend about three billion dollars annually in the state toward benefits not currently received by the Commonwealth. Puerto Ricans would also begin paying federal income tax and business would lose the special tax exemptions that are a major part of the economy. The new state would probably obtain six new voting members of the House of Representatives and of course, two Senators. The stars on the United States flag would change for the first time in more than fifty years. If independence were chosen by the citizens of Puerto Rico in the future, then the United States will assist the new country through a decade-long transition period. International recognition would come quickly for the new nation, which would have to develop its own defense and a new government. However, for now, Puerto Rico remains a territory of the United States, with all that such a relationship entails.

Material Analysis of the Internal Combustion Engine

Background : The foundry is one of the oldest metal working industries known to man. The Egyptians made metal castings as early as 4000 B.C. Foundry methods have been employed throughout the ages as being the most convenient means for making implements of war, artifacts used in everyday living, agricultural implements, and other items. Traditionally, Gasoline engine blocks were made up of cast iron because cast iron was readily available and cheaper and has a good machinability. But as the technology advances and there is a need of improvising the basic design of an engine to improve its performance. Moreover, the overall weight of the engine increased due to complex design of the body. Therefore, in order to overcome this problems, the manufacturers around the world started looking for other materials which are as strong as cast iron but should be light in weight. Therefore, aluminum was being used in building engine blocks which significantly increases vehicle performance and also lower its weight. Now-a-days magnesium is also used as a material for designing engine block. Magnesium is much lighter than cast iron and aluminum as well. But the main problem in using magnesium was that it became unstable at higher temperature. Later that problem was solved but still wide range of Al and Mg alloys are being used in the automotive industry in the current scenario. According to a study, 90% of automobiles in North American countries are using aluminum for engine block which isShow MoreRelatedA Study On Engineering And The University Of Liverpool1723 Words   |  7 Pageschose it and what I am hoping to be in the future. Part B will be a comparison between LJMU and the University of Liverpool, also it will provide an information of a lecturer in LJMU. Part C will compare and contrast between two types of internal combustion engines. 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Starting with 20g of weight attached to the string on the motorRead MoreRecent Trends Of Catalytic Converter For Automobile1586 Words   |  7 Pagesavailable. Recent work in catalytic converter are, instead of using these material non-noble material are also used as a catalyst, which are easily available, operated at lower temperature, cheap, and act as a catalyst. Copper, nickel and zinc are some option to used as non-noble material and other material are also used as non-noble metal catalyst. Key Words: Air pollution; Catalytic Converter; Emission Standard; Non-noble Material; Noble metal; Automobile; Technology. Method: Discussion:Read MoreThe Invention Of The Industrial Revolution1204 Words   |  5 PagesThe Industrial Revolution took place during the 18th and 19th centuries. During this time mankind made the switch from hand-made to machine-made production methods. The steam engine, later replaced by the internal combustion engine, made this possible. The power source of these machines is burning fossil fuels, such as crude oil, natural gas, and coal. When fossil fuels are burnt, gases like carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and halocarbons are released. These are known as greenhouse gasesRead MoreAbstract -crankshafts Are An Integral Part Of An Automobile Engine1670 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract –Crankshafts are an integral part of an automobile engine. The crankshaft undergoes various loads and stresses during operation. A crankshaft is responsible in conjunction with the piston rod for converting the linear movement of piston into rotary movement. In this paper we represent FEA a nalysis and topology optimization of 2 wheeler crankshaft. In this paper represents detail about the project. In this project, the crankshaft will be analyzed and suitable changes for weight optimizationRead MoreTurbulence Modeling Of Vehicle s Exhaust System3115 Words   |  13 PagesDepartment of Mechanical And Automation Amity School of Engineering and Technology Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida Project Plan TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 Purpose of Plan 1 Background Information/Available Alternatives 1 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.........5 Calculations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.13 Project Goals and Objectives†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦16 SCOPE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...17 Scope Definition†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreLab Report On Brake Thermal Efficiency2162 Words   |  9 Pagesthermal efficiency of basic engine and bimetallic piston engine was found to be comparable for gasoline and gasoline blended ethanol and methanol. At 880W load brake thermal efficiency of 18.9% was obtained for gasoline with basic engine whereas it was 21.38% and 20.2% using ethanol blended gasoline E20 and methanol blended gasoline M20 with basic engine respectively. At 880W load brake thermal efficiency of 20.19% was obtained for gasoline with bimetallic piston engine whereas it was 25.86% and 23

Concerning Contracts Law

Questions: 1. Is Mojo Beverage entitled to pay $100,000 to Ben? 2. Whether there was any valid contract between Livestock Brothers and Dorper Sheep Sellers,If the acceptance were made through fax, would it amount to an acceptance of the offer? 3. Is Stuart liable to pay the full amount of $1000 rental and the deficit amount to Westphalia Marts Pty Ltd? Answers: 1. Law An agreement entered into by two or more parties that is enforceable by law is termed as a contract. The parties entering into the agreement must have legal intentions to bind the agreement (Bhat, 2015). The prerequisite of a valid contract is that it consists of an agreement, an offer and the acceptance of such offer. An offer is the willingness of an offeror to form a contract and acceptance takes place when the offeree accepts the offer proposed. An offer is distinguished from an invitation to treat. Advertisements are usually construed as invitations to treat. However, if they are made to the entire world to accept it, it becomes a unilateral contract and is treated as an offer (Butler et al., 2013). A unilateral contract is formed when either of the parties make an express promise to pay in exchange for an act to be performed by the other party (Cheong, 2014). If the offeree performs according to the offerors promise, the offeror becomes legally bound to fulfill his obligations. In the case Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company (1893), the court held that although the offer was made to the world, Mrs Carlill accepted the offer by fulfilling the terms of the contract. Hence, it amounted to a valid contract and the plaintiff was entitled to the reward. In a unilateral contract, there cannot be acceptance unless the offeree has the knowledge of the offer (Mir, 2015). The party whose performance is sought is not legally bound to perform his obligations but if he performs, the offeror becomes legally bound to comply with the contract (Smits, 2014). Application In the mentioned case, Mojo Beverage made an advertisement for reward that an amount of $100,000 shall be paid whoever catches the tagged Trout. It amounted to a unilateral contract as it was made to all the people of Lake Tranquil. Here, Mojo Beverage is the offeror and Ben the offeree. Ben heard that the price money was erroneous and the correct amount was $1000, few minutes before catching the trout. Ben was aware of the error in the price before catching Lord Harry. Even after that, he proceeded to perform his obligation. In a unilateral contract, when the offeree performs the act, acceptance takes place. Ben performed despite being aware of the change in the offer, which means he had accepted the offer. 2. Law It is a well-established rule that the offeree must communicate the acceptance of an offer to the offeror (Zhang, 2015). A contract would not come into existence unless the offeror receives the acceptance as stated in the case of Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corporation (1995). Once an offer is accepted the contract becomes binding between the two parties. An offer may be revoked by the offeror at any time unless the offeree has accepted the same. However, the offeror must communicate the revocation of the offer to the offeree (Adriaanse, 2016). The offeree must accept the offer without modifying or changing the original offer. If the offer is modified in any manner, it would be treated as a counter-offer and then the original offer cannot be accepted further as stated in the landmark case of Hyde v Wrench [1840] (McKendrick, 2014). However, a simple request for obtaining information regarding the terms of the offer, it shall not be treated as a counter-offer and the original contract remains intact as observed in Stevenson V. McLean [1880]. Where an offer specifies a stipulated period of time within which it has to be accepted, the offer must be accepted within the stipulated time; otherwise, the offer shall terminate after the expiry of such stipulated period (Jones, 2016). In case, the stipulated period is not expressed, the offer shall be deemed valid for a reasonable period as observed in Ramsgate Victoria Hotel v MonteFiore [1866] LR 1 EX 109. The reasonable time depends upon the circumstances, that prevails at the time the offer is made and acceptance of the same has been made. If the process of acceptance is specified by the offeror, the acceptance of such offer must be communicated by the specified method. If the acceptance is made by telex, telephone and Fax, it is completed when the offeror receives such acceptance. The moment the offeror receives the acceptance the contract is concluded. The offeree must ensure that the acceptance communicated has been received by the offeror to make the contract legally bind ing. Application In the given case, Dorper Sheep Sellers is the offeror who had sent a letter to Livestock Brokers, the offeree, on 1 June, regarding the sale of sheep flock and asked the Livestock Brokers to reply within the period of 14 days. On 6 June, the Livestock Brothers sent a letter to inquire about the terms of the offer regarding the sale to which the Dorper Sheep Sellers did not respond. Here, the Livestock Brokers did not revoke or reject the offer made by the Dorper Sheep Seller, it merely requested to obtain information about the terms of the offer regarding the sale, which does not amount to a counter-offer as the offeree did not modify or change the original offer. The original offer remains intact and binding as stated in Stevenson Jaquess case. However, the offerer expressly specified the stipulated period within which the offeree was required to communicate the acceptance of the offer to the offeror. The offeree accepted the offer after the expiry of the stipulated period. As observed in the Ramsgate Victorias case, if the offeree fails to accept an offer within the stipulated period, the offer automatically terminates after the expiry of the stipulated period. In case Livestock Brokers had communicated the acceptance of the offer by fax within the stipulated period of 14 days, the communication of acceptance shall be completed only when such acceptance is received by the offeror, that is, the Dorper Sheep Seller. 3. Law It is a well-established law that part-payment of a debt is not considered as a good consideration for discharging the full debt. This rule has been established in the landmark case of Penny V Cole [1602]. This rule is referred to as the Pinnels Case. A person owes a certain amount of money to another person, he promises to pay half the amount in full satisfaction, and the other person accepts the same (Kane, 2014). The person accepting the payment cannot be barred from claiming the balance amount later since there is consideration made by the person paying the half amount to make the promise made by the other person, enforceable (Poole, 2016). There is an exception to this rule where consideration may be provided if the creditor agrees and accepts half-payment on prior date rather than the due date or if half-payment is made in a different place and not the original venue (O'Sullivan Hilliard, 2016). Application In the mentioned case, Stuart agreed the lessor, Westphalia Marts Pty Ltd, that he would pay $700 per week instead of $1000 due to a downfall in his business. Westphalia Marts agreed and allowed him to pay the reduced rent amount. Westphalia Marts claims the entire $1000 rental amount per week along with the deficit amount of $300. Here, Stuart made part payment of the rental amount to the lessor, Westphalia Marts Pty Ltd. The lessor although accepted the half payment but it cannot be prevented from claiming the rental amount as stated in the Pinnels case. Conclusion In a unilateral contract, the offeror is legally bound to fulfill the promise made. The offeree is not legally bound to perform his obligations. If the act is performed then the offer is considered as accepted and he becomes entitled to the reward promised. If Ben has performed the act in exchange of the corrected price amount that is, $1000, that was offered by Mojo Beverage then Mojo Beverage being the offeror, would become legally bound to fulfill the promise made. Hence, as stated in the Carbolic Smoke Ball Companys case, Ben would be entitled to receive the reward amount of $1,000 for performing his obligations. A valid contract does not exist between the Livestock Brokers and the Dorper Sheep Seller as the livestock Brokers failed to communicate the acceptance of the offer within the stipulated time and the offer terminated after the expiry of the time-period.In case the acceptance was made by fax, within time the acceptance was not valid, as it was not communicated to the offeror. 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